QUESTION TAG, QUESTION YES/NO, QUESTION W H

Understanding Question Tag


Question tags are short questions were added at the end of the statement (declarative sentence) to ask for information or ask for approval.
As idioms (English expression), question tags are frequently used parts in everyday conversation a native speaker. Although grammar, pronunciation, and intonation of its kind, a person can easily be recognized not as a native speaker if you do not use question tags.

Formula Question tags
linking verb "be" / auxiliary verb + pronoun +/- notes

Specification:
• linking verb "be", namely: is, am, are, was, were, while the auxiliary verb form of the primary auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or capital auxiliary verb (will, would, may, may, MIGHT, can, could , shall, should) that matches the verb in the statement.
• Pronoun adapted to the subject in the statement.

Sample Question Tags:
• You love math, do not you? (You like math right?)
• You do not love math, do you? (You do not like math, right?)


Question Formation Tag

Under the general rule (general rule) positive question tags can follow a negative sentence (negative sentences). Likewise, negative question tags can follow the positive sentence (positive sentence).
Question tags consist of the main verb (if it is a linking verb "be"), dummy auxiliary verb "do / does / did" (if the main verb is not a linking verb) or the first auxiliary verb (if it consists of the main verb and one or more auxiliary) +/- notes + subjects (pronoun) which is adapted to the main sentence.

negative sentence, positive question tag	negative sentence, positive question tag
Ahmad didn’t come late, did he? (Ahmad tidak datang terlambat kan?)	Ahmad came late, didn’t he? (Ahmad datang terlambat kan?)
The man isn’t stingy, is he? (Pria tsb tidak pelit kan?)	The man is stingy, isn’t he? (Pria tsb pelit kan?)
You haven’t finished your homework, have you? (Kamu belum menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?)	You have finished your homework, haven’t you? (Kamu telah menyelesaikan PR-mu kan?)
They won’t attend the seminar, will they? (Mereka tidak akan menghadiri seminar kan?)	They will attend the seminar, won’t they? (Mereka akan menghadiri seminar kan?)

Intonation in Question Tag

The purpose of the use of question tags is to ask for information or ask for approval. When used to ask for information, position the speakers do not know whether they are true or false. In these conditions, the question tag is emphasized with rising intonation (rising intonation).
As for when the question tags are used to seek approval, the speaker assured that the correct information is known, but expect answers that support his conviction. In that situation pronounced without emphasis question tags with intonation down (falling intonation).
Example Sentences Questions Tags:

You did not drink alcohol, did you? (You do not drink alcohol, right?)
• If the speaker does not know if they are talking to drink alcohol and he wanted to know the answer, question tags are given emphasis with rising intonation.
• If the speaker just want to know that the interlocutor does not drink alcohol and only expect assertion, question tags spoken without emphasis with intonation down.
More Example Sentences Question Tag

Some of the example sentences following question tags may not really follow the general rule that might be a bit confusing.

Contoh Kalimat Question Tag
I’m right, aren’t I?	spoken English
I’m right, am I not?	formal English
Everybody likes him, don’t they?	digunakan they sebagai gender neuter pronoun.
Nothing is impossible, is it?	Nothing = no thing, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif, maka question tag-nya positif.
Nobody came late, did they?	Nobody = no body, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif, maka question tag-nya positif. Digunakan they sebagai gender neuter pronoun.
You will never regret it, will you?	Never = not ever, sehingga kalimat menjadi negatif. Oleh karena itu question tag-nya positif.

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-question-tags




QUESTION YES/NO

"Yes/no" redirects here. For other uses, see Yes or No (disambiguation).

In linguistics, a yes–no question, formally known as a polar question, is a question whose expected answer is either"yes" or "no". Formally, they present an exclusive disjunction, a pair of alternatives of which only one is acceptable. In English, such questions can be formed in both positive and negative forms (e.g. "Will you be here tomorrow?" and "Won't you be here tomorrow?").^[1]

Yes–no questions are in contrast with non-polar wh-questions, with the five Ws, which do not necessarily present a range of alternative answers, or necessarily restrict that range to two alternatives. (Questions beginning with "which", for example, often presuppose a set of several alternatives, from which one is to be drawn.)^[1]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1 How such questions are posed
• 2 Ambiguities
• 3 How such questions are answered
• 4 Yes/no questions and suggestibility
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 Further reading

How such questions are posed[edit]

Main article: Interrogative

Yes–no questions are formed in various ways in various languages. In English, a special word order (verb–subject–object) is used to form yes–no questions. In the Greenlandic language, yes–no questions are formed with a special verb morphology. In Russian and Latin, yes–no questions are indicated by the addition of a special grammatical particle or anenclitic. In some languages, such as in Modern Greek, Portuguese, and the Jakaltek language, the only way to distinguish a yes–no question from a simple declarative statement is the rising question intonation used when saying the question. (Such questions are labelled declarative questions, and are also available as an option in those languages that have other ways of asking yes–no questions.)^[2] The use of rising question intonation in yes–no questions is one of the universals of human languages.^[3][4]

In Latin, the enclitic particle "-nē" (sometimes just "-n" in early Latin) can be added to the emphatic word to turn a declarative statement into a yes–no question. This usually forms a neutral yes–no question, implying neither answer (except where the context makes it clear what the answer must be).^[5] For example:^[6]

• Tu id veritus es.

  "You feared that."

• Tu-nē id veritus es?

  "Did you fear that?"

In Esperanto, the word "ĉu" added to the beginning of a statement makes it a polar question.

• Vi estas blua.

  "You are blue."

• Ĉu vi estas blua?

  "Are you blue?"

Yes–no questions are also formed in Latin with "nonne", implying that the interrogator thinks the answer to be the affirmative, and with "num", implying that the interrogator thinks the answer to be the negative.^[5] For examples:

num negāre audēs?

("You dare not deny, do you?")

—Catullus, 1,4,8^[5]

Mithridātēs nōnne ad Cn. Pompeium lēgātum mīsit?

("Didn't Mithridates sent an ambassador to Gneaus Pompey?")

—Pompey, 16,46^[5]

In Chinese, yes–no questions may take an A-not-A form.^[6]

Ambiguities[edit]

There is an ambiguity in English as to whether certain questions actually are yes–no questions in the first place. Syntactically identical questions can be semantically different. This can be seen by considering the following ambiguous example:^[7]

• Did John play chess or checkers?

The question could be a yes–no question or could be a choice question (also called alternative question). It could be asking the yes–no question of whether John played either of the games, to which the answer is yes or no; or it could be asking the choice question (which does not have a yes–no response) of which of the two games John played (with the presupposition that he played one or the other), to which the answer is the name of the game. Another such ambiguous question is "Would you like an apple or an orange?" to which the responses can be "An apple.", "An orange.", "Yes.", and "No.", depending from whether the question is seen as a choice question or a yes–no question. (The "yes." answer involves a further ambiguity, discussed below.)^[7][8]

A related ambiguity is questions which have the form of yes–no questions, but which are intended not to be. These are a class of questions that encompass indirect speech acts. The question "Can you reach the mustard?" is an example. In form and semantics it is a straightforward yes–no question, which can be answered either "yes, I can." or "No, I cannot.". But there is an indirect speech act (which Clark calls an elective construal) that can optionally be inferred from the question, namely "please pass the mustard". Such indirect speech acts flout Grice's maxim of manner. And the inference on the part of the listener is optional, one that can legitimately remain untaken.^[9]

Clark describes one study where a researcher telephoned fifty restaurants around Palo Alto, California, asking without embellishment the question "Do you accept credit cards?". The three forms of reply given were:^[9]

• "Yes, we do." — The respondent assumed a straightforward yes–no question, taking the form of the question at face value.
• "Yes, we accept Mastercard and Visa." — The respondent assumed a straightforward yes–no question but provided additional information, either as explanation ("The answer is 'yes' because we accept these two.") or as anticipation or inference of a further request as to what credit cards are accepted.
• "We accept Mastercard and Visa." — The respondent not only took the question to be the indirect speech act, but also assumed that the question was not a yes–no question, despite its form, and so didn't provide a yes–no answer at all.

Another part of the same study was the question "Do you have a price on a fifth of Jim Beam?". Out of 100 merchants, 40 answered "Yes.".^[9] A non-response bias forced researchers to disregard the survey question asking tobacconists "Do you have Prince Albert?"; although the researchers' intent was to observe whether the merchants specified that they offered the tobacco brand as packaged in a can and/or a pouch, the merchants frequently hung up the phone, presumably because they believed themselves to be the victims of a popular prank call.^[10]

How such questions are answered[edit]

According to Grimes, the answer "yes" asserts a positive answer and the answer "no" asserts a negative answer, irrespective of the form of the question.^[1] But in fact simple "yes" or "no" word sentence answers to yes–no questions can be ambiguous in English. For example, a "yes" response to the question "You don't beat your wife?" could mean either "yes, I don't beat my wife." or "yes, I do beat my wife." depending from whether the respondent is replying with the truth-value of the situation, or is replying to the polarity used in the question. This ambiguity does not exist in languages that employ echo answers. In the Welsh language, for example, the response "ydw" ("I am") has no such ambiguity when replying to a question.^[11]

Other languages also do not follow the custom, given by Grimes, with respect to the answers "yes" and "no". In New Guinea Pidgin and Huichol, the answer given has the logical polarity implied by the form of the question. "Bai Renjinal i ranewe, o nogat?", a positive form of a question translated as "Will Reginald escape?", is answered "yes" (agreement that he will escape) or "nogat" (disagreement, he won't escape). Phrased negatively, however, as "Bai Rejinal i no ranewe, o nogat?" ("Won't Reginald escape?") the senses of the answers take the opposite polarity to English, following instead the polarity of the question. A response of "yes" is agreement that he will not escape, and a response of "nogayt" is disagreement, a statement that he will escape.^[1]

A further ambiguity with yes–no questions, in addition to that of polarity, is the ambiguity of whether an exclusive or inclusivedisjunction is meant by the word "or". It can represent either. Conventionally, in English yes–no questions the "or" represents an exclusive disjunction. But this is not necessarily so. As with the "Would you like an apple or an orange?" question mentioned earlier, to which one possible answer, as a yes–no question, is "yes.", yes–no questions can also be taken to be inclusive disjunctions. The informativeness of the "or" in the question is low, especially if the second alternative in the question is "something" or "things". Though the "exclusive" and "inclusive" can be determined often in spoken language (the speaker will often lower their pitch at the end of an "exclusive" question, as opposed to raising it at the end of an "inclusive" question), this is a frequent source of humour for computer scientists and others familiar with Boolean logic, who will give responses such as "yes" to questions such as "Would you like chicken or roast beef for dinner?". But the ambiguity is not confined to humour. The apple-or-orange question may be legitimately asking whether either is wanted, for example, and "Would you like an apple or something?" is indeed expecting either "yes" or "no" as a proper answer, rather than the answer "Something" that an exclusive disjunction would be requesting.^[12][13][14]

This ambiguity does not exist only in English. It exists in West Greenlandic Kalaallisut, for example. The question "Maniitsu-mi Nuum-mi=luunniit najugaqar-pa" ("Does he live in Maniitsoq or Nuuk?") is ambiguous as to whether exclusive or inclusive disjunction is meant. Commonly, this is clarified either by intonation (if the question is spoken) or the inclusion of an explicit question-word such as "sumi" ("where").^[15]

Yes/no questions and suggestibility[edit]

Yes/no questions are believed to carry some suggestibility load. For instance, in response to yes/no questions children tend to display a compliance tendency. That is, they tend to comply with the structure of the question, be it negative or positive, by responding in the same way.

For example if you ask a preschooler "Is this book big?" the preschooler tends to respond "yes it is". But if you ask "Is this book not big?" the preschooler is more likely to say "No it is not".^[16]

sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question

QUESTIN W H

WH Question Words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

question word	function	example sentence
what	asking for information about something	What is your name?
	asking for repetition or confirmation	What? I can't hear you. You did what?
what...for	asking for a reason, asking why	What did you do that for?
when	asking about time	When did he leave?
where	asking in or at what place or position	Where do they live?
which	asking about choice	Which colour do you want?
who	asking what or which person or people (subject)	Who opened the door?
whom	asking what or which person or people (object)	Whom did you see?
whose	asking about ownership	Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it?
why	asking for reason, asking what...for	Why do you say that?
why don't	making a suggestion	Why don't I help you?
how	asking about manner	How does this work?
	asking about condition or quality	How was your exam?
how + adj/adv	asking about extent or degree	see examples below
how far	distance	How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how long	length (time or space)	How long will it take?
how many	quantity (countable)	How many cars are there?
how much	quantity (uncountable)	How much money do you have?
how old	age	How old are you?
how come (informal)	asking for reason, asking why	How come I can't see her?

sumber : https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/wh-question-words.htm